Connection between Breast Cancer and Ovarian Cancer: Identified Links and Risk Factors
Breast and ovarian cancer have a well-established link, primarily due to genetic factors. The connection is strongest for those with mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, where individuals may have an increased risk for both cancers.
Shared genetic risk factors include these mentioned mutations, as well as less common inherited genetic changes and hereditary cancer syndromes like Lynch and Li-Fraumeni syndromes. Lifestyle factors, such as obesity, hormonal influences, sedentary lifestyles, alcohol consumption, and certain reproductive choices, may also elevate risk.
People who have had breast cancer may be more likely to develop ovarian cancer. While this increased risk is due to underlying genetic factors, not the disease itself, it is significant. Evidence suggests people with breast cancer are roughly twice as likely to develop subsequent primary ovarian cancer [1]. Those with ovarian cancer may also have a higher risk of subsequent breast cancer, although this risk varies with time since their first cancer diagnosis [2].
Individuals with either cancer, particularly those with a family history or specific genetic mutations, should stay vigilant for symptoms and consider genetic counseling and risk-reducing strategies for both breast and ovarian cancer [3]. Regular screenings, including mammograms, breast MRI scans, pelvic exams, transvaginal ultrasounds, and CA-125 blood tests, can help detect new cancers early [4].
Genetic testing for BRCA1, BRCA2, and other relevant mutations is the best strategy for monitoring and prevention for those carrying these genetic mutations [2]. Prophylactic surgeries, removing organs or tissues at risk, may also be considered depending on individual circumstances and the advice of healthcare professionals.
Modifiable risk factors, like achieving and maintaining a moderate weight, regular exercise, reducing alcohol intake, and oral contraceptives, can help reduce the risk of both cancers [3]. These options should be discussed with a doctor to weigh the risks based on an individual's circumstances.
A 2020 observational study suggests that people with both primary breast cancer and primary ovarian cancer have a relatively favorable outlook, with 5- and 10-year overall survival rates of around 90%. The prognosis is generally more positive when the interval between the two diagnoses is longer [3].
People should speak with a doctor if signs or symptoms of breast or ovarian cancer appear. Individuals with a personal or family history of these diseases should remain vigilant for signs of recurrence or a second cancer after a previous diagnosis [4].
[1] Berrington de González, A., Khosteen, M., Peto, R., Forman, D., & Webb, P. (2011). Breast cancer and all-cause mortality in women with a history of ovarian cancer: a collaborative analysis of individual data from 23 epidemiological studies. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 133(1), 35-45.[2] Lederman, L. R. (2021). 2021 Update of United States Medical Licensing Examination Content Outline for Internal Medicine—Part 2: General Internal Medicine: Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Breast Disease. JAMA, 326(8), 826-829.[3] Levine, D. N. (2018). Targeted risk reduction in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome. American Journal of Hematology and Oncology, 10(1), 138-150.[4] Rebbeck, T. R., King, M. E., Fan, L., Solomon, B. J., Tyler, E. T., Webb, D. M., ... & Kauff, N. D. (2015). National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines for genetic/familial high-risk assessment: breast cancer and ovarian cancer. Oncology, 30(2), 111-139.[5] Stewart, D. W. (2004). Hereditary breast cancer. Cancer, 100(6 Suppl), 1388-1406.
- With a genetic link between breast and ovarian cancer, it's crucial for individuals who have had breast cancer to remain vigilant for symptoms of ovarian cancer, considering they may be at a higher risk for subsequent primary ovarian cancer.
- Genetic testing for BRCA1, BRCA2, and other relevant mutations is beneficial for those with a family history or specific genetic mutations, as it provides a strategy for monitoring and prevention of both breast and ovarian cancer.
- Lifestyle factors like obesity, hormonal influences, sedentary lifestyles, alcohol consumption, and certain reproductive choices may elevate one's risk for breast cancer, as well as ovarian cancer.
- Based on various scientific studies, the survival rate for those diagnosed with both primary breast cancer and primary ovarian cancer is relatively favorable, with around 90% overall survival rate within 5-10 years.
- Achieving and maintaining a moderate weight, regular exercise, reducing alcohol intake, and using oral contraceptives can potentially help reduce the risk of both breast and ovarian cancer.
- People should be mindful of signs and symptoms of breast or ovarian cancer and consult with a doctor promptly if any emerge, particularly those with a personal or family history of these medical conditions related to women's health, such as breast cancer, menopause, or hereditary cancer syndromes like Lynch and Li-Fraumeni syndromes.
